The Development of Coping - Stress, Neurophysiology, Social Relationships, and Resilience During Childhood and Adolescence
von: Ellen A. Skinner, Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck
Springer-Verlag, 2016
ISBN: 9783319417400
Sprache: Englisch
344 Seiten, Download: 4439 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
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The Development of Coping - Stress, Neurophysiology, Social Relationships, and Resilience During Childhood and Adolescence
| Preface | 6 | ||
| Stress, Risk, and Resilience | 6 | ||
| The Study of Coping | 7 | ||
| Development and Coping | 8 | ||
| Purpose of this Book | 10 | ||
| Contents | 12 | ||
| About the Authors | 18 | ||
| Constructing “Developmentally-Friendly” Conceptualizations of Coping | 19 | ||
| 1 Coping as Action Regulation under Stress | 20 | ||
| 1.1 Coping as a Fundamental Adaptive Process | 21 | ||
| 1.1.1 Overview of Conceptualizations of Coping and a Focus on Individual Differences | 22 | ||
| 1.1.2 Multi-level Integrative Systems Frameworks: Coping, Regulation, and Resilience | 25 | ||
| 1.2 Developmentally-Friendly Conceptualizations of Coping | 29 | ||
| 1.2.1 Coping as Regulation under Stress | 29 | ||
| 1.2.2 Coping and Emotion Regulation | 31 | ||
| 1.2.3 Action and Action Theories | 32 | ||
| 1.2.4 The Nature of Regulation | 34 | ||
| 1.2.5 Coping Is Built on Action Tendencies | 36 | ||
| 1.2.6 Stress and Regulation | 38 | ||
| 1.3 Summary of Developmental Conceptualizations of Coping | 41 | ||
| 2 Ways and Families of Coping as Adaptive Processes | 43 | ||
| 2.1 The Structure of Coping | 44 | ||
| 2.1.1 Lower-Order Ways of Coping | 46 | ||
| 2.1.2 Higher-Order Dimensions and Categories of Coping | 47 | ||
| 2.1.3 Families of Coping as Serving Adaptive Functions | 50 | ||
| 2.2 “Good News” and “Bad News” Ways of Coping | 57 | ||
| 2.2.1 Developmentally Adaptive Families of Coping | 58 | ||
| 2.2.2 The Balance Between Challenge and Threat | 60 | ||
| 2.2.3 Good News Families of Coping | 62 | ||
| 2.3 Summary of Ways and Families of Coping | 64 | ||
| Review of Research on the Development of Stress Reactivity and Ways of Coping | 66 | ||
| 3 Age Differences and Changes in Ways of Coping across Childhood and Adolescence | 67 | ||
| 3.1 Looking for Qualitative Shifts in Coping across Childhood and Adolescence | 68 | ||
| 3.2 Age Differences and Changes in Each of the Coping Families | 70 | ||
| 3.3 Beyond Quantitative Changes in Mean Levels of Individual Ways of Coping | 74 | ||
| 3.4 Summary of Age Differences and Changes in Ways of Coping | 76 | ||
| 4 Neurophysiological Developments that underlie Age-related Changes in Coping | 77 | ||
| 4.1 Neuroanatomical Systems involved in Stress Reactivity, Regulation, and Coping | 77 | ||
| 4.1.1 Neurophysiology of Stressful Encounters | 78 | ||
| 4.1.2 Stress Reactivity and Regulation as Complex Dynamic Systems | 86 | ||
| 4.2 The Assessment of Neurophysiological Structure and Function | 88 | ||
| 4.3 The Development of the Multi-level Neurophysiological Systems that Underlie Coping | 91 | ||
| 4.3.1 Development of the Neurophysiology of Stress Reactivity, Threat Detection, and Coping | 93 | ||
| 4.3.2 Development of the Neurophysiology of Regulation and Coping | 100 | ||
| 4.4 Summary of the Development of the Neurophysiological Systems Underlying Coping | 105 | ||
| Normative Development of Adaptive Coping within the Context of Relationships with Caregivers | 108 | ||
| 5 Development of “Coping” in Newborns: Neurophysiological Stress Reactivity and “External Coping” via the Caregiver | 116 | ||
| 5.1 Threat Detection and Stress Reactivity: Development of Neurophysiological Subsystems | 117 | ||
| 5.2 Attachment, the Development of “External” Coping, and the Omnibus Coping Strategy of “Proximity Seeking” | 120 | ||
| 5.3 Development of a Neurophysiological System that Responds to “External Coping” by the Caregiver | 121 | ||
| 5.4 Social Tuning of the Neurophysiological Stress Reactivity and Recovery System | 123 | ||
| 5.5 The Emergence of a Hierarchy of Reactivity, Regulatory, and Coping Processes | 125 | ||
| 5.6 Summary of Transformations of the Coping System during the Neonatal Period | 126 | ||
| 6 Development of Coping during Infancy: Implicit Appraisals, Intentional Action Regulation, and Co-regulated Coping Systems | 128 | ||
| 6.1 Threat Detection and Stress Reactivity: Emergence of Appraisal Systems that Increasingly Guide Action Readiness | 129 | ||
| 6.2 Action Regulation: Development of Intentionality and Goal-Directed Coping | 132 | ||
| 6.3 Changing Role of Social Partners: Development of a Co-regulatory Coping System | 135 | ||
| 6.4 Development of Stress Resistance and Stress Resilience | 137 | ||
| 6.5 Summary of Transformations of the Coping System during Infancy | 141 | ||
| 7 Development of Coping during Toddlerhood: Explicit Appraisals, Emotional Action Regulation, and Cooperative Coping Systems | 142 | ||
| 7.1 Threat Detection and Stress Reactivity: Explicit Appraisals of Threat and Challenge | 143 | ||
| 7.2 Action Regulation: From Emotional Action Regulation to Self-awareness in Coping | 146 | ||
| 7.3 Changing Role of Social Partners: Emotion Socialization and Coping “Coaching” | 149 | ||
| 7.4 Shared Intentionality and the Emergence of a Cooperative Coping System | 151 | ||
| 7.5 Reorganization of the Coping System during Toddlerhood | 152 | ||
| 7.6 Summary of Transformations of the Coping System during Toddlerhood | 154 | ||
| 8 Development of Coping during Early Childhood: Inferential Appraisals, Voluntary Action Regulation, and Individual Coping Systems | 156 | ||
| 8.1 Threat Detection and Appraisal: Incorporating Emotion Understanding and Theory of Mind | 157 | ||
| 8.2 Regulatory Subsystems: Development of Attention Networks and Coping | 160 | ||
| 8.3 Emergence of Voluntary Self-regulation and Coping | 164 | ||
| 8.4 Integration of Appraisal and Regulation: Development of Understanding and Control | 167 | ||
| 8.5 Development of Voluntary Action Regulation and the Emergence of Intrapersonal Coping | 168 | ||
| 8.6 Development of Conscience and the Emergence of Autonomous Coping | 169 | ||
| 8.7 Changing Role of Social Partners: Development of Intrapersonal Coping | 171 | ||
| 8.8 Summary of Transformations of the Coping System during Early Childhood | 173 | ||
| 9 Development of Coping during Middle Childhood: Cognitive Reappraisal, Mental Modes of Coping, and Coordination with Demands | 175 | ||
| 9.1 Threat Detection and Appraisal: Emotional Understanding and Intentional Regulation of Stressful Experiences | 176 | ||
| 9.2 Reappraisal as an Emotion Regulation and Coping Strategy | 180 | ||
| 9.3 Development of Problem-Focused Coping and Executive Functions | 183 | ||
| 9.4 Action Regulation and the Emergence of Mental Means of Coping | 188 | ||
| 9.5 Expanding Repertoire of Coping Strategies and Better Coordination with Demands | 191 | ||
| 9.6 “Mental” Participation of Social Partners and Coping Coaching | 193 | ||
| 9.7 Summary of Transformations of the Coping System during Middle Childhood | 194 | ||
| 10 Development of Coping during Adolescence: Heightened Reactivity, Pro-active Regulation, and Increased Coping Flexibility | 196 | ||
| 10.1 Enhanced Threat Detection and Stress Reactivity: Recalibrating Neurophysiological Systems | 198 | ||
| 10.2 Development of Appraisals: Affective Theory of Mind and a Two-Level Emotion Theory | 200 | ||
| 10.3 Development of Regulatory Capacity: Changing Balance among Multiple Subsystems | 203 | ||
| 10.4 Emergence and Integration of Meta-capacities in Coping | 211 | ||
| 10.5 Changing Role of Social Partners as Proactive Monitoring and Dependable Backup Systems | 214 | ||
| 10.6 Summary of Transformations of the Coping System during Adolescence | 216 | ||
| Foundations of Coping and Its Differential Development | 221 | ||
| 11 Early Adversity, Temperament, Attachment, and the Differential Development of Coping | 225 | ||
| 11.1 Early Adversity and the Differential Development of Coping | 226 | ||
| 11.1.1 Possible Mechanisms through which Adversity Shapes Stress Reactivity | 228 | ||
| 11.1.2 Developmentally-Graded Effects of Adversity on Coping | 232 | ||
| 11.1.3 Intervention Implications of Neuroplasticity and Experience-Dependent Effects | 235 | ||
| 11.2 Temperament and the Differential Development of Coping | 236 | ||
| 11.2.1 Differential Patterns of Temperamental Dimensions | 237 | ||
| 11.2.2 Balance and Regulation of the Defensive and Appetitive Systems | 241 | ||
| 11.3 Attachment Relationships and the Differential Development of Coping | 242 | ||
| 11.3.1 Caregiving and the Development of Coping | 242 | ||
| 11.3.2 Qualities of Attachment and the Differential Development of Coping | 244 | ||
| 12 Parenting, Family Stress, Developmental Cascades, and the Differential Development of Coping | 249 | ||
| 12.1 Parent–Child Relationships and the Differential Development of Coping | 249 | ||
| 12.1.1 Dimensions of Parenting and Children’s Coping | 252 | ||
| 12.1.2 A Systems View on Parenting and Children’s Coping | 254 | ||
| 12.1.3 Goals of Parenting and the Differential Development of Coping | 259 | ||
| 12.2 The Stress of Caregiving: Stressful Family Systems and the Differential Development of Coping | 260 | ||
| 12.2.1 Stressful Family Systems | 263 | ||
| 12.3 Cascades in the Differential Development of Coping | 265 | ||
| 12.3.1 Maladaptive Coping as a Marker of Developmental Difficulties | 267 | ||
| 12.3.2 Internal Dynamics Can Amplify Maladaptive Patterns of Coping | 268 | ||
| 12.3.3 Maladaptive Coping as an Active “Trouble Maker” in Developmental Cascades | 270 | ||
| 12.3.4 Self-righting Tendencies in Developmental Cascades | 270 | ||
| 13 Conclusion: Goals and Strategies for Studying the Development of Coping | 272 | ||
| 13.1 Surfacing and Consolidating Key Themes in the Development of Coping | 273 | ||
| 13.1.1 Qualitative Shifts in the Development of the Coping System | 274 | ||
| 13.1.2 Multiple Pathways in the Development of Coping | 277 | ||
| 13.2 Future Study of the Development of Coping | 280 | ||
| 13.3 Three Closing Ideas about Lines of Sight into the Development of Coping | 282 | ||
| 13.3.1 The Dangers and Safeguards in Developing a System of Coping | 283 | ||
| 13.3.2 The Origami of Coping’s Development | 287 | ||
| 13.3.3 The Place and Purpose of the Study of Coping | 291 | ||
| 13.4 Conclusion | 294 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| Index | 337 |